(a) Folded coupling matrix form. "s" and "xa" couplings are zero for symmetric characteristics. 

 
(b) Coupling and routing schematic.

• Multiple input/output couplings may be accommodated, i.e. couplings may be made directly from the source and/or to the load to internal resonators, in addition to the main input/output couplings to the first and last resonator in the filter circuit.
• Fully canonical filtering functions (i.e., Nth-degree characteristics with N finite-position transmission zeroes) may be synthesized.

A wealth of information on filters and coupling matrices may be found in [4].
 

The coupling coefficients used in this software may be presented in three ways:

• Mij  Normalized coupling coefficient (default)

• Cij  Coupling Bandwidths (MHz)

• Kij  "Classical" or normal coupling coefficient

The normalized coupling coefficient between resonators i and j is denoted Mij and is related to the 'normal' or actual coupling coefficients by multiplication with the relative bandwidth, i.e. ripple bandwidth divided by center frequency, 

Kij=Mij*BW/f0

If coupling bandwidths are desired the entries of the coupling matrix outside the main diagonal need only to be multiplied by the ripple bandwidth 'BW'. In this case the coefficients will have dimension of frequency (e.g. MHz),

Cij=Mij*BW

When the coupling bandwidth option is selected the entries in the main diagonal (self couplings) represent the resonance frequencies of the resonators (see e.g. [4] and [5] for more info).

Sometimes the external couplings (or Q) are also nice to know. These may be found from:

Qe,S=1/(w*MS1²)
Qe,L=1/(w*MNL²)

Where w=BW/f0.

MS1 and MNL are often also denoted M01 and MNN+1 respectively. N is the filter order. 'MS1' refers to the input coupling value in row 'S' and column 1.

The normalized source and load terminations -  RS and RL  - are unity in the Mij display mode due to the transformation by MS1 and MNL, respectively.